आतंकवादः (संस्कृत में आतंकवाद पे निबंध )
Essay on Terrorism in Sanskrit
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Edited By-[Kumar Harsh]
Typing Credit-Shalini Suman
Friday, 29 December 2017
Thursday, 28 December 2017
संस्कृत में वेदव्यास पर निबंध Essay | Essay on Vedvyas in Sanakrit | kumar harsh | sanskrit Essay
संस्कृत में वेदव्यास पर निबंध Essay
धन्यवदम
Edited by-Kumar Harsh
Typing Credit- Shalini Suman
Saturday, 23 December 2017
CLASS 10 SAMPLE PAPER | RELEASED BY CBSE | 2018 | VERY IMPORTANT QUESTION
CLASS X
ENGLISH- COMMUNICATIVE (CODE 101)
(SAMPLE PAPER 2017-18)
TIME – 3 HOURS MAXIMUM MARKS- 80
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
I. The question paper is divided into three sections : SECTION A : Reading 20 MARKS SECTION B : Writing and Grammar 30 MARKS SECTION C : Literature 30 MARKS
II. All questions are compulsory.
III. You may attempt any section at a time.
IV. All questions of that particular section must be attempted in the correct order.
SECTION –A: READING (20 Marks)
Q1. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: 1. Cricket is a global passion, played everywhere from Test match arenas to village greens, tropical beaches and dusty back lots. Cricket is the world's second most popular spectator sport after football. 2. The origin of cricket is somewhere in the Dark Ages. All research concedes that the game derived from a very old, widespread and uncomplicated pastime by which one player served up an object, be it a small piece of wood or a ball, and another hit it with a suitably fashioned club. Cricket was first recorded in 16th-century England, and it was played in grammar schools, farm communities and everywhere in between. But things really took off when 18th-century nobles realised it was a great sport. 3. The oldest surviving set of cricket laws date from 1744 – printed on a handkerchief, naturally. It's now in the MCC Museum at Lord’s in London. The oldest permanent fixture is the annual Eton v Harrow match, played since 1805. A young Lord Byron turned out for Harrow in the first match, though history doesn't record how poetic – or “mad, bad and dangerous” – his bowling was. 5. The first international match was in 1877 when Australia beat England in Melbourne. The match was dubbed a “Test”, since the gruelling nature of playing over five days was deemed the ultimate “test” for any side. But it was Australia’s first win on English soil – in 1882 at The Oval in London – that led to matches between the two nations being christened the Ashes. Following the defeat, newspapers published an obituary mourning “the death of English cricket”, adding that “the body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia”. 6. A One Day International (ODI) is a form of limited overs cricket, played between two teams with international status, in which each team faces a fixed number of overs, usually 50. The Cricket World Cup is played in this format. The international one-day game is a late twentieth-century development. The first ODI was played on 5 January 1971 between Australia and England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. (344words)
(Abridged from :http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/239757.html, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/only-in-britain/odi-cricket/very-brief-history-of-cricket/)
1.1 Attempt any eight of the following questions on the basis of the passage you have read.(1X8=8Marks)i. According to the passage, how did the game of Cricket originate?
ii. Where can we find the oldest sets of Cricket laws?
iii. Which match did Lord Byron play?
iv. When was the first international match played?
v. Which countries played that match?
vi. Why were the matches between Australia and England titled “The Ashes”?
vii. In which format is the Cricket world cup played ?
viii. When did the ODIs begin?
ix. Which word in paragraph no.5 means the same as ‘exhausting’?
Q2.Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: 1. Politeness has been well defined as benevolence in trifles. It is the desire to put those whom we meet perfectly at their ease, and save them from every kind of petty discomfort and annoyance. The limited part of benevolence called politeness requires only an inclination to make them happy temporarily, while they are in our presence, and when this can be done without any sacrifice on our part or only with a slight sacrifice of personal comfort. 2. Politeness is said to be one of the important characteristics of civilised person. Politeness is the art of choosing among your thoughts. It must be implemented in every walk of life. When we deal with people elder to us we are polite. But, an honest polite person is polite with everyone, people of lower status, workers and even children. Not only with humans but also with animals we must be polite as they are our helpers. 3. Politeness is a skill. Like any other skill, you can master it with practice. The greatest enemy of politeness is ego. To be a polite person, you have to sacrifice your ego. It is difficult for an egoist to be polite. You have to imply politeness in your thinking, speech and actions. Actions work more than words. Polite actions will give fine results. Politeness will reduce your stress and boost you to be productive. Apart from your present benefits, you protect your future. Being polite makes you mentally healthy. In our daily life we come across many incidents with people nearby and ourselves. 4. Different rules of behaviour have to be observed, accordingly as we are in the street or in the drawing-room, at home or at school, in the company of friends or of strangers. There is also to be considered the great diversity of social etiquette which distinguishes one country from another.
3
5. Politeness, besides being a duty that we owe to others, is a valuable possession for ourselves. It costs nothing, and yet may in many cases bring much profit. The great advantage of this excellence of conduct was very clearly expressed by Dr. Johnson, when he said that the difference between a well-bred and an ill- bred man is that one immediately attracts your liking, the other your dislike. (378 words)
(Abridged from:http://www.shareyouressays.com/3444/563-words-short-essay-on-politeness
and http://syedasrarahmed.blogspot.in/2012/02/importance-of-politeness.html)
2.1 On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer any four of the following questions in about 30-40 words each : (2X4=8)
i. Why is politeness called as limited part of benevolence?ii. List some of the persons we should be polite to?
iii. Why is it difficult for an egoist to be polite?
iv. What are the benefits of being polite?
v. Which rules of behaviour are to be observed?
2.2 On the basis of your reading of the passage, fill in any two of the following blanks with appropriate words/phrases. (1X2=2)
i. Politeness is an art of choosing_________.ii. An honest polite person is polite with ___________.
iii. To others, we _____________________.
2.3. Attempt any two of the following. Find out the words that mean the same as under: (1x2 =2)
i. ‘insignificant’ (Paragraph 1)ii. ‘manners’ (Paragraph 4)
iii. ‘civil’(Paragraph 5)
SECTION B: WRITING AND GRAMMAR (30 Marks)
Q3.(a) You are Sonal/ Samkit of Vidyanjali Public School , Lucknow . You have seen an advertisement in ‘The Times of India ’ related to new batches of ‘Astronomy Club’initiated by National Science Centre , Lucknow starting from the coming fortnight .You wish to join the Club. Write a letter to the Director, enquiring about the venue , duration ,fee- structure , activities , transportation etc. Invent other necessary details (100-120 words , 8 Marks)
OR
Q3.(b) You are the In-charge of the Medical Section of Gyanodaya Public School , Nehru Vihar , Alwar . Your stock of medicines is about to finish .Write a letter to the Director of Jambo Medicare ,Delhi ,ordering medical items like glucose , crocin , bandages, tincture , pain-healers, ointments etc. Ask for discount on bulk order .Invent other necessary details. (100-120 words , 8 Marks)
Q4 Write a short story, in about 200-250 words, with any one set of the cues given in the boxes below. Give a suitable title to the story . (10marks)
Jasmine , Ali and two other friends decided to go on a picnic to
a beach . They packed their bags and were quite excited . They reached the
picnic spot and came across a small child who was crying ………..
4
|
OR
On October 4 ,we all were
decorating our house to celebrate the most long awaited festival , Diwali .
My heart was filled with excitement to meet my father after a long gap of six
years . But a call from the army headquarter left us stunned…
|
Q5. Fill in any four of the following blanks choosing the most appropriate option from the ones given below. Write the answers in your answer –sheet against the correct blank numbers. ( 4 marks )
A. Sanitation and hygiene are also important ( a) ___________the well – being of society and biodiversity conservation .B. The government has (b )____________ a programme .
C. It aims to develop ( c) ____________riverfronts .
D. It will solve the problem of pollution ( d) ____________ the rivers .
E. The need has been(e) ______for a long time.
(a ) ( i) by (ii ) from (iii) for (iv) into
(b ) (i) initiates (ii) initiated (iii) initiate (iv)initiating
(c ) (i) an (ii) a (iii) in (iv ) the
(d ) (i) in (ii ) on (iii) onto (iv )by
(e) (i) feeling (ii ) feel (iii) felt (iv ) have felt
Q6. In the following passage one word has been omitted in each line .Write the missing word, in any four sentences of the given paragraph, along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after it in the space provided . ( 4 marks )
Before Missing Word After Himachal Pradesh Before Word After
a good place for Eco Camp Eg. Pradesh is a
Pine Hill Eco Camp one of the ecotourism resort ( a ) _______ _____ _______
near Barog Himachal Pradesh . Ecotourism is ( b ) _______ ______ ______
gaining popularity each passing day as more ( c ) _______ _____ _______
and more people want get away from the ( d ) _______ _____ _______
hectic schedules . This become a favourite tourist spot.( e) _______ _____ ______
Q7. Rearrange any four of the following word clusters to make meaningful sentences .(1x 4=4 marks )
( a ) rain water / flooding / helps/ harvesting / in / chances of / reducing
( b ) storm / helps/ also/better/ water/ it / water management / in
( c ) plant growth / in/storing /rainwater / can/ help / improving
( d ) is/ from / stored/ natural and/ pollutants /rain water /free/ man- made
(e) out/ the/street/ earthquake/another/on/people/ came/ fearing/5
SECTION C LITERATURE (30 Marks)
Q8 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow . Write the answer in your answer sheet in one or two lines only. (1X4= 4marks)
(a) "We do many things, sir," Nicola answered seriously. He glanced at us hopefully.”i. What does the speaker mean by "We do many things, sir, ?
ii. Whom is he addressing to ?
iii.Why was Nicola serious ?
iv. Find the synonym of ‘looked’.
OR
(b)CAESAR :Cowards die many times before their deaths;
The valiant never taste of death but once.
Of all the wonders that I yet have heard.
It seems to me most strange that men should fear;
Seeing that death, a necessary end,
Will come when it will come.
i. Whom does Caesar console and why ?
ii. Which quality of the speaker is revealed here ?
iii. Explain: Cowards die many times before their deaths.
iv. Give the synonym of ‘Gallant’.
Q9 Answer any four of the following Questions in 30-40 words each (2x4 = 8 Marks)
i.Although Calpurnia revealed her fear after nightmare yet Caesar decided to go to senate house. Why ?ii.“Pen is mightier than sword”. Elucidate with reference to the poem ‘Not Marble Nor Gilded Monuments’.
iii.Why was the ‘Writer’s inspiration Bureau’ formed?
iv.What message is conveyed by Vikram Seth through the poem ‘The Frog and the Nightingale’?
v. How does the story ‘Two Gentlemen of Verona’ give hope to the society?
Q10 Attempt any one out of the two following long answer type questions in 100-120 words. ( 8 Marks)
Q.10. (a) ‘Pride goes before a fall.’ Justify the statement on basis of the chapter Mrs. Packletide’s Tiger.OR
Q.10. (b). ‘Only the bearer knows where the shoe pinches’. Elucidate the statement with reference to the story The Letter.
6
Q11 A ) Answer the following question based on prescribed novel text for extended reading in about 200-250 words. (10 marks)
The Diary of a Young Girl
Q. 11. A. i. What are Anne’s views about the Laws that restrict the Jews’ freedom ?OR
Q. 11.A. ii. Write the pen portrait of Mr. Van Dann?
OR
Q.11 B) Answer the following question based on prescribed novel text for extended reading in about 200-250 words. (10 marks)
The Story of My Life
Q.11. B. i. In the life of Helen Keller, Ms. Anne Sullivan acts as an inspiration behind her extraordinary life. Justify with suitable instances from the text.
OR
Q.11.B.ii. Give a pen portrait of Dr. Alexender Graham Bell.
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Sunday, 10 December 2017
Some Important One Word Substitution That You Must Know(Also For Competitive Exams-SSC,Air Force,Olampiyads)
Some Important One Word Substitution That You Must Know
01)Incombustible :-That cannot be burnt/consumed by fire.
02)Inaudible :-That cannot be heard.
03)Implacable :-That cannot be pacified.
04)Invincible :-That which cannot be satisfied.
05)Impregnable :-That cannot be seized.
06)Cardiologist :-The doctor who specializes in skin diseases.
07)Dermatologist :-The doctor who specializes in diseases of old
age.
age.
08)Geriatrician, Gerontologist:-The specialist who treats the
medical conditions and diseases of women.
medical conditions and diseases of women.
09)Neurologist :-The doctor who specializes in nerve diseases.
10)Obstetrician :-The specialist who helps during delivery of
babies and takes care of mother during and immediately after the
period of her pregnancy.
babies and takes care of mother during and immediately after the
period of her pregnancy.
11)Ophthalmologist :- The doctor who specializes in eye diseases.
12)Otologist :-The doctor who specialize in ear diseases.
13)Orthopedist :-The doctor who specializes in treating
persons with bone problems.
persons with bone problems.
14)Dentist :-The specialist who looks after our teeth.
15)Optician :-One who sells optical equipments.
16)Optometrist :-One who measures our vision.
17)Chiropractor :-The doctor who specialist in treating persons
with bone displacement.
with bone displacement.
18)Paediatrician :-The doctor who specialist in detecting the
nature and origin of diseases.
nature and origin of diseases.
19)Pathologist :-The doctor who specialist in detecting the
nature and origin of diseases.
nature and origin of diseases.
20)Podiatrist :-The doctor who specialist in feet ailments.
21)Psychiatrist :- The doctor who specialist in treating persons
with mental aberrations.
with mental aberrations.
22)Psychologist :- The specialist who studies and explains
human behaviour.
human behaviour.
23)Rhinologist :- The doctor who specialist in nose diseases.
24)Taxidermist :-One who stuffs the skins of animals.
25)Orthodontist :-A dentist who treats problems concerning the
position of the teeth and jaws.
position of the teeth and jaws.
26)Canicide :-The killing of dogs.
27)Fratricide :-The killing of one's brother.
ADVERB FOR ALL COMPETITION EXAM||SSC||CDPO||LIC||UPSC||IBPS||BPSC||
Adverb :- An adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb , an adjective or another adverb .
ex:- very, too, yesterday, clearly, loudly, soon , here etc.,
Kinds of the adverb
1. Adverb of time :- Adverbs of time tell the time of an action.
ex:- today, immediately, now , late, soon, lately, just, ago, before
Note:- Whom (adverb of time)
ex:-
He came yesterday.
came when? :- yesterday.
He will come soon.
will come when? :- soon
2. Adverb of frequency :- Adverbs of frequency tell how often or how frequently an action is done.
ex:- never, always, once, twice, regularly, again, seldom, occasionally etc.
Note:- How often(adverb of frequency)
ex:-
I have always helped you.
helped how often?:- always
3. Adverb of Manner :- Adverb of manner tell how or in what manner an action is done.
ex:- slowly, carefully, beautifully, sadly, bravely,loudly, quickly, fast, hard well etc,.
Note:- How (adverb of manner)
ex:-
she writes beautifully.
writes how? :- beautifully
4. Adverb of Place :- Adverb of place tell where or at what place an action is done.
ex:- here, there, everywhere, up, down, outside, within, near, below, away etc,.
Note:- Where (adverb of place)
ex:-
Go outside.
go where?:- outside
5. Adverb of Degree :- Adverb of degree indicate the degree of intensity of an action or an adjective or an adverb.
ex:- very much, enough, too, quite, hardly, exactly, nearly, almost etc,.
Note:- How much/to what degree/to what extent
ex:-
She hardly knows me.
Knows to what extent ?:- hardly
6. Interrogative Adverbs:- when, where, how, why, how long, how much, how often, how many etc are called interrogative adverbs when they are used in asking questions.
ex:- How did he fight?
When will you go?
7. Adverb of Negation and Affirmation:- yes , surely, certainly etc are adverb of affirmation and no, not , never etc are adverb negation.
8. Adverb of Reason :- Adverb of reason tell the reason of the action.
ex:- therefore, hence, thus, so etc.,
Thus, she became angry.
She, therefore left school.
9. Relative Adverb :- Relative adverbs modify the verbs following them and at the same time join two sentence together.
Note:- Relative adverb and Interrogative adverb both are same form but interrogative adverb is use to ask question hence relative adverb is use to add two sentence with each other.
ex:- where, how often, why, how, long, how much, how many etc,.
This is the house where he lived.
I don't know how much he has.
Let me know when you will come.
Do you know how he will act.
Usage of some adverb
1. Good and Well
Good is an adjective, but well is an adverb.
ex:- She speaks English well.(adverb)
your English is good. (adjective)
Well is used with past participle ,
Good is not used with past participle.
ex:- your husband is well- educated.
Well is an also adjective with the meaning in good health.
2. So and Such
So is used before adjective/adverb
ex:- so nice.
so quickly.
so stupid.
You are so stupid that you can't study.
generally Such is used before noun.
Such+adj+noun
ex:- Such a stupid story.
Such a nice girl.
3. Enough and Too
Enough goes after adjective and adverb
but Too is used before adjective/adverb
ex:- you are kind enough to help me.
I have not got enough money.
You work too hard.
She is too old.
Too is also used before much and many
ex:- You have too much money.
There are too many people and not enough chairs.
4. feel, seem, look , appear, sound , taste or smell after these words adjective is use not adverb.
ex:- Everybody feels contentedly.(incorrect)
Everybody feels contented.(correct)
That milk smells sourly.(incorrect)
That milk smells sour.(correct)
Note:- But sometimes after these words adverbs is use
ex:- He looked at us sadly/happily/angrily.
They sounded the bell loudly/noisily.
5. The word Hardly and Scarcely means perhaps and it is also negative word so, after these words no/not is not use.
ex:- He can't scarcely see in this light.(incorrect)
He can scarcely see in this light.(correct)
6. There are some words that is use between subject and principle verb :- always, never, often, generally, sometimes, quite, hardly, nearly, frequently, almost, just, usually and scarcely
ex:- I visit him frequently while in Delhi.(incorrect)
I frequently visit him while in Delhi.(correct)
She did it never.(incorrect)
She never did it.(correct)
7. Always, never, often, generally, sometimes, usually, already , almost, just, nearly, quite, hardly, scarcely are use after verb to be(am,is,are...) and auxiliaries
ex:- She never has been early.(incorrect)
She has never been early.(correct)
They often will go there.(incorrect)
They will often go there.(correct)
8. The adverb too means 'more than enough' and should not be used instead of very or much.
ex:- This house is too much small for me.(incorrect)
This house is very small for me.(correct)
This house is much too small for me.(correct)
He is a very blind to read small.(incorrect)
He is too blind to read small print.(correct)
9. quite means (perfectly, completely), very means (much)
qualifying word (ex:-almost..) should not be use before quite.
ex:- I am quite sorry to hear it.(incorrect)
I am very sorry to hear it.(correct)
He is almost quite well.(incorrect)
He is quite well.(correct)
10. Enough means "the proper limit or amount" so, before it very or much will be superfluous
ex:- He is very friendly enough to help me.(incorrect)
He is friendly enough to help me.(correct)
11.Adverb should use after qualifying word.
ex:- She sang last night beautifully.(incorrect)
She sang beautifully last night.(correct)
He eagerly wishes to do it.(incorrect)
He wishes eagerly to do it .(correct)
12. if adverb qualify whole sentence it should be use first of sentence.
ex:- He was fortunately not present there.(incorrect)
Fortunately, he was not present there.(correct)
13. Adverb is use after intransitive verb.
ex:- He quickly ran.(incorrect)
He ran quickly.(correct)
14. Only is use before qualifying word.
ex:- He only succeeded in the exam.(incorrect)
Only he succeeded in the exam.(correct)
15. After no other "than" and after else "but" is use.
ex:- It is nothing else but pride.
No boy other than Hari has done it.
16. In a sentence for the use of double negative sentence change into affirmative so, for make emphatic sentence double negative shouldn't be use
ex:- Unless you do not labour hard, you can't succeed.(incorrect)
Unless you labour hard, you can't succeed.(correct)
I forbade you not to enter this room(incorrect)
I forbade you to enter this room.(correct)
IDIOMS AND PHRASE FOR ||UPSC||BPSC||IBPS||SSC||RAILWAY||CDPO||
To make the flesh creep :- to be very frightened
Green hand :- an unexperienced person
A horse laugh :- to laugh very loudly without having any sense
Lead the field :- very famous
Fair and square :- honestly
Once in a blue moon :- very rarely
On the blink :- out of order
Hold water :- remain true even when examined closely
On the cuff :- on credit
Off the cuff :- without previous thought or preparation
No love lost between the two people :- two people dislike each other
Of the first water :- of the greatest excellence
Sit on the fence :- avoid deciding between two sides of an argument, discussion, quarrel etc,.
Meet your waterloo :- be finally defeated
At stake :- that can be won or lost, depending on the success of a particular action
Man of straw :- a weak or cowardly person
Herculean task :- a very difficult and courageous work
Draw on one's fancy :- to believe or imagine something
To lose heart :- to become discouraged
Helter-skelter :- done in a hurry and a way that lacks organisation
Sell like hot cake :- to be sold quickly and in great quantities
To go through fire and water :- to pass through all type of hardships
In the red :- in debt
To turn an honest penny :- to earn one's living honestly
Hobson's choice :- no real choice at all
To rest on one's laurels :- to be satisfied with the success you have already gained and so on longer try to improve your position
Grass widow :- wife whose husband has to live away from her for a long time because of his job etc,.
Green hand :- an unexperienced person
A horse laugh :- to laugh very loudly without having any sense
Lead the field :- very famous
Fair and square :- honestly
Once in a blue moon :- very rarely
On the blink :- out of order
Hold water :- remain true even when examined closely
On the cuff :- on credit
Off the cuff :- without previous thought or preparation
No love lost between the two people :- two people dislike each other
Of the first water :- of the greatest excellence
Sit on the fence :- avoid deciding between two sides of an argument, discussion, quarrel etc,.
Meet your waterloo :- be finally defeated
At stake :- that can be won or lost, depending on the success of a particular action
Man of straw :- a weak or cowardly person
Herculean task :- a very difficult and courageous work
Draw on one's fancy :- to believe or imagine something
To lose heart :- to become discouraged
Helter-skelter :- done in a hurry and a way that lacks organisation
Sell like hot cake :- to be sold quickly and in great quantities
To go through fire and water :- to pass through all type of hardships
In the red :- in debt
To turn an honest penny :- to earn one's living honestly
Hobson's choice :- no real choice at all
To rest on one's laurels :- to be satisfied with the success you have already gained and so on longer try to improve your position
Grass widow :- wife whose husband has to live away from her for a long time because of his job etc,.
Top 30 Idioms And Phrase For Daily Life with Meaning (Also For UPSC,SSC,BPS,RAILWAY,CDPO Exams)
Top 30 Idioms And Phrase For Daily Life with Meaning
Idioms or Phrase Meaning
01)Give the game away :- reveal your own or another person's
secret plan.
02)Black sheep :- a rogue
03)Crocodile tears :- not real service
04)Yeoman's service :- excellent service
05)With zest and zeal :- with great fervour
06)Take to task :- to rebuke, to punish
07)Tit for tat :- blow for blow
08)Summer friends :- friends of happy days
09)Sword of Damocles :- a danger that continuously
threatens a person
10)Sum and substance :- gist
11)Split hairs :- to go into minute details
 |
| Split hairs(go into minute details) |
12)Storm in a tea pot :- a quarrel for nothing
13)Rolling stone :- a person who does not stick to any
14)Career and changes :- frequently to other career
15)Red rag to a bull :- something that provokes
 |
| Red rag to a bull |
16)Rank and file :- common people
17)Palmy days :- days of prosperity and happiness
18)Play the truant :- run away from school without leave
19)Petticoat government :- female rule
20)Pay lip service :- to show insincere respect
 |
| Pay lip service |
21)On the eve of :- just before an event
21)Make a mountain
of a molehill small :- to attach undue importance to a
matter
22)Move heaven and earth :- to do everything possible
23)Man of letters :- a literary person, a scholar
 |
| Man of letters |
24)Make both ends meet :- to meet one's expenses with difficulty
25)Lame excuse :- fake plea
26)Laugh in one's sleeves :- to laugh secretly
27)Loaves and fishes :- material gains
 |
| Loaves and fishes |
28)Keep the wolf away from
the door :- to keep away starvation
29)Kith and kin :- realtives
30)Himalayan blunder :- a serious mistake
31)Hit below the belt :- to use base means
 |
| Hit below the belt |
 |
| A Gala day |
Thursday, 7 December 2017
PRONOUN FOR ALL EXAM ||UPSC||BPSC||SSC||IBPS||RAILWAY||DAROGA
A pronoun is a word which is used in
place of a noun.
ex:- he, she, it, them etc.,
Type of pronoun
1.Personal pronoun
2.Possessive pronoun
3.Distributive pronoun
4.Emphatic pronoun
5.Relative pronoun
6.Reflexive pronoun
7.Reciprocal pronoun
8.Interrogative pronoun
9.Demonstrative pronoun
10.Indefinite pronoun
Personal pronoun:-I, we, you, he , she
,it and they etc,.
ex:- I am yours, dear
She is yours.
Relative pronoun :- Relative pronoun
indicate preseding noun. it also
function like a conjunctions. it joins two clauses and make complex sentence.
some time it make multiple sentence,.
ex:-who, which, that, whose whom are
relative pronoun
Usage :- In nominative case “who” is
use for masculine & feminine but “which
“is use for neuter gender.
In dative case “whom” is use for
masculine and feminine but for neuter gender “which” is use
In genitive case “whose” is use for
masculine and feminine but for neuter gender “whose/of which” is use
Note:- “who “is used for human being.
“which” is used for non-living
thing.
“That “ is used for all but “That” is
not used in genitive case.
ex:- This is the house that my father
built.
This is the same book which he gave me.
His neighbour who is a doctor has a telephone.
Demonstrative Pronoun :- The pronoun
used to point out the object or objects to which it refers is called a
demonstrative pronoun.
this, that, these, those, such are
demonstrative pronoun.
“verb” is used after demonstrative
pronoun.
ex:- This is yours.
These are mines.
Look at this picture.
What was that noise?
Such a girl is your girl friend.
Reflexive pronoun :- The pronoun himself, herself, yourself, themselves, myself,
ourselves etc. are called reflexive pronoun when the action done by the subject
turns back upon the subject.
ex:- He cursed himself for failure.
we can help ourselves.
Rule:- if verb is in active voice it
is essential to use reflexive pronoun after verb.
if object are not use then reflexive
pronoun should use after that
ex:- An intelligent man always avails
of himself every opportunity.
Rule:- One is use to gave advise
ex:- one should respect the time.
One should respect our country.
Rule:- “It” is used for small children
which is not mental and sexual developed.
ex:- It is a cute baby.
“It” is use to make sentence emphatic.
ex:- It is sachin who played in patna
college.
“It” is used for unknown
person/stranger.
ex:- It is stranger for you.
“It” is used for whole
sentence/complete.
ex:- I have studied in patna college,
it is very famous college.
“It” is used for non-living things.
ex:- It is a table.
“It” is used with natural phenomena.
ex:- It is raising.
It is blowing.
“It” is used to show days or data.
ex:- What day is it, today.
it is sunday today.
Rule:- if one is use for single
meaning then his is use with one.
ex:- One of my students is killing one’s
time. (wrong)
One of my student is killing his time.
(correct)
Rule:- if different personal pronoun
are in a sentence and 1st person is also appear then “our” is use in
it.
ex:- you, he and i are reading our
book.
Rule:- different personal pronoun are
in a sentence but 1st person is disappear then “your” is use in it.
ex:- you, he and mohan were reading
your book.
Demonstrative pronoun:- The pronoun
used to point out the object or objects to which refers is called a demonstrative
pronoun
This, That , These, Those are
demonstrative pronoun.
ex:- This is my girl friend meet her.
India is the best , this is true.
Rule:- if two person are find in a
sentence then for earlier “this” is use and for later “that “ is use.
ex:- I know both Sharukh and Aamir,
this is called king khan and that is called Mr.Perfectanist.
Rule:- After It is /It was nominative case is
use to make sentence emphatic.
ex:- It is I.
It is me.(wrong)
Rule:- In a sentence after preposition
personal pronoun is use as a objective case.
ex:- Please give the copy to him.
Rule:- After let pronoun is use as a
objective case
ex :- Let you and me decide the matter
once for all.
Let you and I decide the matter once
for all.(wrong)
Rule:- In a sentence there is a
comparison between nominatives , after as/than pronoun of nominative case is
use.
ex:- Shyam is as fast as I
Shyam is as fast as me.(wrong)
I am taller than he.
I am taller than him.(wrong)
Rule:- In a sentence there is
comparison between datives, after as/than pronoun of objective case is use.
ex:- I love you as much as him.
I love you as much as he.(wrong)
Rule:- After Gerund(v+ing) objective of personal
pronoun is use.
but before Gerund possesive case of
personal pronoun is use.
ex:- calling him was not pleasant.
Please excuse me coming late.
Rule:- After and Before Infinite (to+v1)
objective case of personal pronoun is used.
ex:- I hope to meet him soon.
I hope to meet his soon.(wrong)
He requested me.
He requested I.(wrong)
Reciproc al pronoun:- each other , one
another
Rule:- each other is use for two
persons and things.
ex:- The two girls love each other.
You and he help each other.
Rule:- one another is use for more
than two person or things.
ex:- All the members of the family
quarrelled with one another.
Reflexive pronoun :- yourself, myself,
ourself etc.
ex:- He ruined yourself.
Did you hurt yourself.
Rule:- If a sentence is includes first,
second,and third person we should follow 231 rule for simple and good work.
ex:-He and I are good friends.
You , he and I go there.
Rule:- If a sentence show wrong ,
fault, crime or sin than 123 order is use.
ex:- I , You and He will loot the bank.
I, You and He will be punished for
this crime.
Rule:- If all person are in plural
verb than 123 order is use
ex:- we, you and they will do this
work.
Rule:- collective noun takes singular
pronoun when collective noun expresses a unit.
ex:- The jury gave its verdict.
Rule:- If collective noun is use as a
divide or separation its takes plural pronoun.
ex:- The jury were divided in their
opinion.
Distributive pronoun:- when each
,either and neither are used as pronoun they are called distributive pronoun.
Rule:- usage of either of and any of
ex:- Any of these two girls is your
sister.(wrong)
Either of these two girls is your
sister.(correct)
Either of the five boys will do
it.(wrong)
Any of the five boys will do
it.(correct)
Rule:- usage of neither of none of
ex:- Neither of the six can succeed.
None of the six can succeed.(correct)
None of the two girls is very tall.(wrong)
None of the two girls is very tall.(wrong)
Neither of the two girls is very tall.(correct)
Emphatic pronouns :- myself, ourselves, yourself, herself, itself and
themselves are called emphatic pronoun when they are use for the sake of emphasis.
ex:- you can do it yourself.
I killed the tiger myself.
He himself said so.
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